Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) can be classified as direct and indirect, depending on
their flow rates and their etiology. Both forms can cause the same characteristic …

Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are the result of an anomalous connection between the
venous system of the cavernous sinus and either the internal carotid artery (ICA), meningeal …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are vascular communications between the carotid artery
and the cavernous sinus. Ophthalmologists are called to diagnose and manage the …

Purpose: To study the clinical course with regard to both the angiographic and visual
outcomes of carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs). Background: Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas …

Introduction Carotid-cavernous fistulae are rare and affect visual prognosis. Their clinical
presentation is varied and delayed diagnosis is common. They require rapid neuro-radio …

Background A carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) develops spontaneously or after trauma, and
older publications suggest that the majority of CCF cases are caused by trauma. However …

Purpose To compare the clinical characteristics of patients with direct and dural carotid
cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs). Methods The medical records of 60 patients diagnosed …

Opinion statement The treatment of a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) depends on the
severity of the clinical symptoms, its angiographic characteristics, and the risk it presents for …

Carotid-cavernous fistulas often cause ophthalmologic manifestations that may result in loss
of vision. Knowledge of these ocular signs is essential for prompt diagnosis and treatment …

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the cavernous
sinus and the carotid arterial system. A CCF can be due to a direct connection between the …