Temporal variation in predation risk may fundamentally influence antipredator responses of
prey animals. To maximize lifetime fitness, prey must be able to optimize energy gain and …

Predation is a strong selective force acting on prey animals. Predation is by nature highly
variable in time; however, this aspect of predation risk has traditionally been overlooked by …

Predation is one of the most important selection pressures acting on prey behaviour. While
numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase …

The rapid response of animals to changes in predation risk has allowed behavioral
ecologists to learn much about antipredator decision making. A largely unappreciated …

Hundreds of experimental studies (primarily undertaken in the laboratory) have quantified
the effects of predation risk on prey behavior, usually by contrasting prey behavior in the …

The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that prey responses to predation risk should depend
on the temporal pattern of risk. In systems where activity is dangerous, predicted activity …

Prey animals often have to face a dynamic tradeoff between the costs of antipredator
behavior and the benefits of other fitness-related activities such as foraging and …

There is strong evidence that the way prey respond to predation risk can be fundamentally
important to the structuring and functioning of natural ecosystems. The majority of work on …

Prey animals encountering multiple stimuli must often make behavioral tradeoffs. Many
environmental cues may influence the tradeoff observed, but recent theoretical work …

Risk effects, or the costs of antipredator behavior, can comprise a large proportion of the
total effect of predators on their prey. While empirical studies are accumulating to …