When people learn an environment, they appear to establish a principle orientation just as
they would determine the “top” of a novel object. Evidence for reference orientations has …

This study investigated differences between individuals with survey and landmark-centred
spatial representations in different visuo-spatial tasks and in two way-finding tasks. The …

This study examines the involvement of spatial and visual working memory (WM) in the
construction of flexible spatial models derived from survey and route descriptions. Sixty …

Recent evidence suggests that familiarity with an environment may protect against spatial
memory decline for familiar objects in older adults. We investigated whether a familiar …

This experiment investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the
spatial structure of a large-scale outdoor environment. Participants learned the locations of …

Aging coincides with a decline in map learning ability, but it is unclear to what extent
different aspects of the mental representation are susceptible. The present study aimed to …

People often remember relatively novel environments from the first perspective encountered
or the first direction of travel. This initial perspective can determine a preferred orientation …

Spatial memory is an important aspect of adaptive behavior and experience, providing both
content and context to the perceptions and memories that we form in everyday life. Young …

Despite much recent interest, it is unclear which types of landmarks are best suited for
survey knowledge acquisition. Thus, we investigated the accuracy of survey knowledge after …

Reference frames in spatial memory encoding have been examined intensively in recent
years. However, their importance for recall has received considerably less attention. In the …