BACKGROUND The mammalian immune system is a remarkable sensory system for the
detection and neutralization of pathogens. History is replete with the devastating effects of …

There are fundamental differences between humans and the animals we typically use to
study the immune system. We have learned much from genetically manipulated and inbred …

Mouse strains are frequently used to model human disease states, to test the efficiency of
drugs and therapeutic principles. However, the direct translation of murine experimental …

Immunoinformatics has recently emerged as a critical field for accelerating immunology
research. Although still an evolving process, computational models now play instrumental …

Homo sapiens are genetically diverse, but dramatic demographic and socioeconomic
changes during the past century have created further diversification with respect to age …

The human immune system is a distributed system of specialized cell populations with
unique functions that collectively give rise to immune responses to infections and during …

Vaccines have drastically reduced the mortality and morbidity of many diseases. However,
vaccines have historically been developed empirically, and recent development of vaccines …

At the current time, the field of vaccinology remains empirical in many respects. Vaccine
development, vaccine immunogenicity, and vaccine efficacy have, for the most part …

With the burgeoning immunological data in the scientific literature, scientists must
increasingly rely on Internet resources to inform and enhance their work. Here we provide a …

The immune system is a highly complex and dynamic system. Historically, the most common
scientific and clinical practice has been to evaluate its individual components. This kind of …