Over the past 3 years our knowledge about how we sense the microbial world has been
fundamentally changed. It has been known for decades that microbial products, such as …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the detection of invading pathogens within the
body and the subsequent immune response. Individual TLRs recognize distinct microbial …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) constitute an archetypal pattern recognition system. Their
sophisticated biology underpins the ability of innate immunity to discriminate between highly …

The mammalian Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family consists of 13 members, and recognizes
specific patterns of microbial components, called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns …

The innate immune system is essential for host defense and is responsible for early
detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Upon recognition of microbes by innate …

Toll-like receptors are pattern-recognition receptors that have key roles in detecting
microbes and initiating inflammatory responses. Recently, a host of new microbial products …

During an infection, one of the principal challenges for the host is to detect the pathogen and
activate a rapid defensive response. The Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs), among other …

The Toll-like receptors are the primary sensors of the innate immune system. This
assignment of function was predicated on positional cloning, and was the result of long and …

The Toll family of transmembrane proteins participates in signaling infection during the
innate immune response. We analyzed the nine Drosophila Toll proteins and found that wild …

Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight
control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for …