Albeit microRNAs (miRNAs) have become increasingly appreciated for their essential roles
in innate immune responses to viral infections; however, it is unknown how host miRNAs …

Although the existing flu vaccines elicit strong antigen-specific antibody responses, they fail
to provide effective, long term protection–partly due to the absence of robust cellular memory …

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2 or basic FGF) regulates a wide range of cell biological
functions including proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, differentiation, and injury repair …

New broadly acting and readily available antiviral agents are needed to combat existing and
emerging viruses. Defective interfering particles (DIPs) of influenza A virus (IAV) are …

Background Influenza (flu) is a constant threat to humans and animals, and vaccination is
one of the most effective ways to mitigate the disease. Due to incomplete protection induced …

The initiation of an immune response is dependent on the activation and maturation of
dendritic cells after sensing pathogen associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of
the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has resulted in the current pandemic. The …

Influenza pneumonia is a severe complication caused by inflammation of the lungs following
infection with seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza A virus (IAV), that can result in …

The interferon-λ (IFN-λ)-regulated innate immune responses in the airway expand our
understanding toward antiviral strategies against influenza A virus (IAV). The application of …

The recognition of viral nucleic acids by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is critical
for initiating innate immune responses against viral infections. These innate immune …