Animals must adapt their dietary choices to meet their nutritional needs. How these needs
are detected and translated into nutrient-specific appetites that drive food-choice behaviours …

The conserved neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling pathway has been strongly implicated in the
stimulation of food uptake in vertebrates as well as in the regulation of food conditioned …

The control of systemic metabolic homeostasis involves complex inter-tissue programs that
coordinate energy production, storage, and consumption, to maintain organismal fitness …

Omnivores, including humans, have an inborn tendency to avoid noxious or unfamiliar
foods. Such defensive foraging behaviors are modifiable, however, in response to …

A balanced intake of macronutrients—protein, carbohydrate and fat—is essential for the well-
being of organisms. An adequate calorific intake but with insufficient protein consumption …

The enteroendocrine cell (EEC)-derived incretins play a pivotal role in regulating the
secretion of glucagon and insulins in mammals. Although glucagon-like and insulin-like …

Highlights•Signals from peripheral tissues and circulating nutrients report nutritional
status.•Multiple cues signal hunger and satiety.•Subprograms of feeding behavior are under …

Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as central
neuromodulators and circulating hormones. An outstanding question is how these …

Insulin, a highly conserved peptide hormone, links nutrient availability to metabolism and
growth in animals. In fed states insulin levels remain high and in animals that are food …

Animals maintain metabolic homeostasis by modulating the activity of specialized organs
that adjust internal metabolism to external conditions. However, the hormonal signals …