Unlike organ transplants where an immunosuppressive environment is required, a
successful pregnancy involves an extremely robust, dynamic, and responsive maternal …

Preterm birth, the major cause of neonatal mortality in developed countries, is associated
with intrauterine infections and inflammation, although the exact mechanisms underlying this …

Every year, 15 million pregnancies end prematurely, resulting in more than 1 million infant
deaths and long‐term health consequences for many children. The physiological processes …

An inflammatory response is instrumental in the physiological process of parturition but the
upstream signals initiating inflammation are undefined. Because endogenous ligands for …

Toll‐like receptors (TLR s) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRR s) that
are involved in innate immunity. Innate immune responses against microorganisms at the …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) mediates Gram-negative bacterial-induced inflammatory
responses, including production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Maternal infection and …

The incidence of preterm birth in developed countries has risen in the past decades.
Underlying causes for this enigmatic pregnancy complication are numerous, yet infectious …

Recently discovered Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential for the induction of innate
immune responses. One member of the TLR family, TLR4 mediates lipopolysaccharide …

Citation Koga K, Mor G. Toll‐like receptors at the maternal–fetal interface in normal
pregnancy and pregnancy disorders. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010 Toll‐like receptors (TLR) …

Problem Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize conserved sequences on the surface of
pathogens and trigger effector cell functions. Previously, we described the expression of …