Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance
of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. Estrogens also …

The innate immune system including microglia has a major contribution to maintenance of
the physiological functions of the hippocampus by permanent monitoring of the neural milieu …

Background The intricate interactions between the immune, endocrine and central nervous
systems shape the innate immune response of the brain. We have previously shown that …

To model the effects of estrogen on adaptive immunity in the brain, we examined the effects
of 17β-estradiol on microglial parameters related to antigen presentation and T cell …

In female mice, the experience of being shipped from the breeder facility or a single injection
of the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), during pubertal development alters the …

It has been previously demonstrated that 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibits the response of
microglia, the resident brain macrophages, to acute injuries in specific brain regions. We …

The high risk of neurological disorders in postmenopausal women is an emerging medical
issue. Based on the hypothesis of altered estrogen receptors (ERα and β) after the decline of …

Although several lines of evidence have indicated that menopause is associated with
increased susceptibility to neurological disorders, the mechanisms involved in this …

In mammals, 17 β-estradiol (E2), the primary endogenous estrogen, maintains normal
central nervous system (CNS) function throughout life and influences brain responses to …

The effects of estrogens are pleiotropic, affecting multiple bodily systems. Changes from the
body's natural fluctuating levels of estrogens, through surgical removal of the ovaries …