In the last decade, immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies targeting immunological
check points has become a breakthrough therapeutic modality for solid cancers. However …

Highlights•Vaccine clinical trials suggests a variable immune and clinical response to
vaccines.•Immune exhaustion is a crucial problem limiting maximum vaccine …

Cell-based cancer vaccines are a highly attractive alternative to standard cancer therapies.
They theoretically have the capability of inciting a multitargeted therapeutic response that …

There are strong biologic and preclinical rationales for the development of therapeutic
cancer vaccines; however, the clinical translation of this treatment strategy has been …

If one envisions dendritic cells (DCs) as nature's adjuvant, then it is easy to predict that they
would be advantageous for cancer immunotherapy. Advances in culture processes that …

Tumors often upregulate the expression of molecules that are normally suppressed or
expressed at much lower levels in adult tissues, the so-named tumor-associated antigens …

Therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of cancer aim to induce or boost T-cell immunity
against tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens when it is has failed to develop naturally …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to induce robust T-cell effector and memory
responses. From the clinical point of view, benefits of cancer vaccines administered to treat …

Treating cancer with vaccines has been a challenging field of investigation since the 1950s.
Over the years, the lack of effective active immunotherapies has led to the development of …

Introduction Breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have spurred interest in the
development of vaccines to mediate prophylactic protection and therapeutic efficacy against …