That events during critical or sensitive periods of development may “program” long-term or
life-time structure or function of the organism is well recognized. Evidence for programming …

The current focus of nutritional science has shifted from meeting needs to determining the
biological effects that nutrition has on immediate and lifetime health. Of particular interest is …

Whether early diet influences long‐term health or achievement is a key question in nutrition.
Such long‐term consequences would invoke the concept of 'programming'—a more general …

It has been> 20 y since epidemiologic studies showed a relation between patterns of early
growth and subsequent risk of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease …

Nutritional and metabolic exposure during critical periods of early human development can
have a long-term programming effect on health in adulthood. This is supported by evidence …

Some 30 years ago Dörner proposed that disease risk and body functions in human adults
are programmed during critical early periods of development by hormones and metabolites …

Nutrition in early life, a critical period for human development, can have long-term effects on
health in adulthood. Supporting evidence comes from epidemiological studies, animal …

Epidemiological observations of associations between early life nutrition and long‐term
disease risk have prompted detailed experimental investigation of the biological basis of …

Increasing evidence from the EU Project EARNEST and many other investigators
demonstrates that early nutrition and lifestyle have long-term effects on later health and the …

In the past decade, data from numerous epidemiological studies have indicated strong
inverse associations between birth weight and risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension …