Schmutzdecke, the biofilm formed on the top of the sand bed in household slow sand filters
(HSSF) is a key factor for the filters' high efficiency in removing particles and microorganisms …

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of four household slow sand filter (HSSF) models
for the removal of microorganisms from river water throughout the development of their …

This study evaluated the impact of a 50% reduction of filter media depth in Household Slow
Sand Filters (HSSFs) on continuous flow to remove physicochemical and microbiological …

Slow sand filtration is a common technology providing potable water in rural households
across Latin America, Asia and Africa. Two PVC household slow sand filters (HSSF) were …

Bio-slow sand filters (BSSFs) are widely employed in rural drinking water treatment
ascribing to its economic applicability, easy operation and high efficiency. This study …

Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from drinking water is
usually enhanced by advanced oxidation which is not affordable in low income countries …

Slow sand filters (SSFs) are widely applied to treat potable water; the removal of
contaminants (eg, particles, organic matter, and microorganism) occurs primarily in the top …

Slow sand filters (SSF) are widely used in the production of drinking water as a last barrier in
the removal of pathogens. This removal mainly depends on the 'Schmutzdecke', a biofilm …

Four household slow sand filters were made out of PVC and operated in continuous and
intermittent flows, with and without using a float to control the maximum level of water inside …

While slow sand filters (SSFs) have produced drinking water for more than a hundred years,
understanding of their associated microbial communities is limited. In this study, bacteria in …