Despite the recent findings concerning pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies,
cardiovascular disease (CVD) still stays the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in …

Interstitial fibrosis is a typical feature of end-stage renal diseases, regardless of the initial
cause of kidney injury. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism that is …

Downstream of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), three structurally related MAPK-
activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs or MKs)—MK2, MK3 and MK5—signal to diverse …

Precise regulation of cell death and survival is essential for proper maintenance of
organismal homeostasis, development, and the immune system. Deregulated cell death can …

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with a severe decline in kidney function
caused by abnormalities within the podocytes' glomerular matrix. Recently, AKI has been …

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), also known as big mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK) 1, is implicated in a wide range of biologic processes, which include …

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Abstract The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), a serine/threonine kinase that orchestrates
cytoskeletal remodeling and cell motility, has been shown to function as downstream node …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases that play a
central role in transducing extracellular cues into a variety of intracellular responses ranging …

MAP4K4 is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase family and plays a
critical role in embryogenesis and cellular migration. It contains approximately 1,200 amino …