The musculoskeletal redundancy of the body provides multiple solutions for performing
motor tasks. We have proposed that the nervous system solves this unconstrained problem …

Little is known about the integration of neural mechanisms for balance and locomotion.
Muscle synergies have been studied independently in standing balance and walking, but …

Recent evidence suggests that complex spatiotemporal patterns of muscle activity can be
explained with a low-dimensional set of muscle synergies or M-modes. While it is clear that …

Recently developed computational techniques have been used to reduce muscle activation
patterns of high complexity to a simple synergy organization and to bring new insights to the …

We recently showed that four muscle synergies can reproduce multiple muscle activation
patterns in cats during postural responses to support surface translations. We now test the …

The simple act of standing up is an important and essential motor behavior that most
humans and animals achieve with ease. Yet, maintaining standing balance involves …

Henry, Sharon M., Joyce Fung, and Fay B. Horak. EMG responses to maintain stance during
multidirectional surface translations. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1939–1950, 1998. To characterize …

Postural control is a natural behavior that requires the spatial and temporal coordination of
multiple muscles. Complex muscle activation patterns characterizing postural responses …

Recent research suggests that the nervous system controls muscles by activating flexible
combinations of muscle synergies to produce a wide repertoire of movements. Muscle …

Balance control must be rapidly modified to provide stability in the face of environmental
challenges. Although changes in reactive balance over repeated perturbations have been …