Sex hormones have diverse immunomodulatory effects that may be involved in the
pathogenesis of sepsis. However, the roles of serum sex hormones in predicting outcomes …

Sex is increasingly recognized as a major factor in the outcome of patients who have trauma
and sepsis. Moreover, sex steroids influence chemokine/adhesion molecule expression and …

Trauma is a major cause of death and disability throughout the world. It is a leading cause of
death with or without sepsis in about 50% of patients. Limited therapeutic options are …

Background: The development of metabolic perturbations following severe trauma/sepsis
leading to decreased energy production, hyperglycemia, and lipolysis is often rapid. Gender …

Objective: Comparative assessment of the mortality rates of two septic patients' ages and/or
gender subgroups, admitted to the intensive care unit of a university hospital. Methods: From …

Objective: Laboratory studies demonstrated significant detrimental effects of male sex-
steroids (testosterone) on immune functions following hemorrhagic shock and soft-tissue …

Background In animal studies, gender differences were related to hormonal and
immunologic changes that were associated with an increased susceptibility to sepsis in …

Studies have shown that 17β-estradiol has salutary effects on immune functions after trauma–
hemorrhage (TH). It remains unknown, however, whether 17β-estradiol has a similar effect …

Introduction Biological sex is considered a risk factor for adverse outcome after major
trauma. We hypothesized that female sex is protective against organ failure, sepsis and …

Immune responses in proestrus females are not altered after trauma-hemorrhage, whereas
they are markedly depressed in males. Elevated levels of female sex steroids appear to be …