Background. Nonsteroidal agonists have been developed that selectively bind to and
activate estrogen receptor β (ERβ) rather than estrogen receptor a (ERα). ERβ is expressed …

Modified resuscitation regimens and cytokine blockade/receptor antagonism after trauma
have not been successful in decreasing the mortality rates from sepsis in trauma patients; …

Background The importance of investigating sex-and gender-dependent differences has
been recently emphasized by major funding agencies. Notably, the influence of biological …

Although epidemiologic research has demonstrated significant differences in incidence and
outcomes of sepsis according to sex, their underlying biological mechanisms are poorly …

Objective To determine whether reduction of circulating female sex hormones by
ovariectomy causes suppression of macrophage (Mφ) function after trauma-hemorrhage …

Differences between the way men and women respond to infection are well documented in
the literature. Epidemiologic studies indicate that women respond to sepsis with lower …

Gender disparities in intensive care unit (ICU) treatment approaches and outcomes are
evident. However, clinicians often pay little attention to the importance of biological sex and …

Abstract mdash;: Several clinical and experimental studies show a gender dimorphism of the
immune and organ responsiveness in the susceptibility to and morbidity from shock, trauma …

Background Sexual hormones are potent regulators of various immune functions. Although
androgens are immunosuppressive, estrogens protect against septic challenges in animal …

In modern warfare, therapy for combat injury is a critical issue to improve personnel survival
and battle effectiveness. Be limited to the severe circumstance in the distant battlefield, quick …