In modern society, cardiovascular disease remains the biggest single threat to life, being
responsible for approximately one third of worldwide deaths. Male prevalence is significantly …

Estrogen has long been observed to endow cardiovascular protective effects, as evidenced
by sex-specific differences in the incidence of hypertensive and coronary artery disease, the …

The cardiovascular effects of estrogen have recently become a focus of basic and clinical
cardiovascular medicine because of the multiplicity of its beneficial effects. Various basic …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women in the Western world and is
predominant among the elderly. A large body of evidence suggests that hormonal signaling …

Estrogen exerts pleiotropic functions on the cardiovascular system through binding to
estrogen receptors (ERs). Traditionally, ERs have been recognized as transcription factors …

Estrogens, like other steroid hormones, are potent actors in the cardiovascular system. Since
half the population have high levels of estrogen most of their lives it is plain that estrogen …

There is substantial interest in the effects of estrogen on the vascular wall, due to the marked
gender difference in the incidence of clinically apparent coronary heart disease (CHD) …

Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the recent advances in understanding
estrogen effects on the vascular endothelium. Epidemiological studies suggest the female …

This brief review summarizes the current state of the field for estrogen receptor actions in the
cardiovascular system and the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy …