Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a consequence of incremental intracavernous pressure.
The direction of drainage is usually multidirectional. Initial DSA (digital subtraction …

(CCF) that initially presented in the Ophthalmology Department because of the ocular
manifestations. CFF is a clinical syndrome characterized by ocular abnormalities, which is …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) can be classified as direct and indirect, depending on
their flow rates and their etiology. Both forms can cause the same characteristic …

Objectives: We described the demographic and clinical profiles of patients with carotid-
cavernous fistula (CCF), determined the prevalence of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) …

Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are spontaneous or acquired abnormal connections
between the cavernous sinus and the carotid arterial system. It can be a direct connection …

ABSTRACT Introduction: Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications
between the carotid arterial system and the venous cavernous sinus, resulting in a …

Indirect carotid cavernous fistulas (ICCFs) are rare disease entities triggered by indirect low
flow between the cavernous sinus and the meningeal branches of the internal or external …

Patients with indirect carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) were reviewed to emphasize the
importance of diagnosing patients even with trivial findings and to raise awareness …

Objective Numerous classification schemes have been used for carotid cavernous fistula
(CCF), each describing some aspect of the disease process but none of them provides a …

Purpose: Diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) relies on clinical findings, such as
proptosis, chemosis, and pulsatile tinnitus, plus imaging features including enlargement of …