Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) is a pathological connection between the arteries and the
cavernous sinus, which can be direct or indirect (dural). Direct CCS are characterized by the …

Aims Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid
arterial system and the cavernous sinus that occur mainly in elderly. Occasionally, treatment …

Objective: Routine embolization is not completely effective for patients with complicated
traumatic carotid cavernous fistula. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal connections between the carotid artery and
the cavernous sinus. They are considered direct when there is a direct connection between …

Background Multiple carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) classifications have been proposed.
However, they lacked predictive factors for the clinical presentation, natural history, and …

Purpose Multimodal endovascular therapy (EVT) of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) with
different approaches and a variety of available embolization material enable high occlusion …

We appreciate the discussion of Graziano et al on the use of ocular ultrasonography in the
differentiation between direct and dural carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs). We agree that it …

This report describes color doppler imaging (CDI) in the evaluation and follow-up of nine
patients with carotid cavernous sinus fistulas. The orbits and carotid arteries were examined …

BACKGROUND Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are acquired pathological shunting
lesions between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus leading to elevated intraocular …

Background Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the
arterial and venous circulation within the cavernous sinus, manifesting in myriad …