As an important step towards making photovoltaics an economic source of energy, the
efficiency of industrial crystalline silicon solar cells has to be drastically increased. In this …

This paper gives an overview about recent activities in the industrial application of high-
efficiency monocrystalline silicon solar cells. It also presents the latest results achieved at …

The conversion efficiencies of crystalline silicon (Si) solar cells are increasing and the
module price is dramatically going down. PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) solar …

The last 15 years have seen large improvements in crystalline silicon solar cells, with
efficiencies improved by over 50%. The main drivers have been improved electrical and …

Heterojunction (HJ) silicon solar cells use crystalline silicon wafers for both carrier transport
and absorption, and amorphous and/or microcrystalline thin silicon layers for passivation …

The key attributes for achieving high‐efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells are identified
and historical developments leading to their realization discussed. Despite the achievement …

A great number of new concepts and materials are still in the research stage. Some of them
may lead to much higher efficiency and lower cost in the coming decade of silicon based …

The current cost distribution of a crystalline silicon PV module is clearly dominated by
material costs, especially by the costs of the silicon wafer. Therefore cell designs that allow …

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Silicon solar cells with efficiencies well above 20% can be processed using “high-efficiency”
technologies, ie technologies that carefully minimize all optical and electrical losses. In this …