Persistent humoral immunity depends on the follicular B cell response and on the
generation of somatically mutated high‐affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. Upon …

Three possible effector fates await the naïve follicular B cell following antigen stimulation in
thymus-dependent reactions. Short-lived plasma cells produce an initial burst of germline …

It is a central tenet of the clonal selection theory, that lymphocyte repertoires are tolerized to
self‐antigens during their ontogeny. Germinal centres are the sites in secondary lymphoid …

Plasma cells are terminally differentiated from activated B cells and are specialized for
secreting antibodies, which are essential effector molecules in humoral immunity to …

Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) localize to follicles where they provide growth and
selection signals to mutated germinal center (GC) B cells, thus promoting their differentiation …

Autoreactive B cells are silenced through receptor editing, clonal deletion and anergy
induction. Additional autoreactive B cells are ignorant because of physical segregation from …

T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a specialized subset of T cells that provide help to B cells
and promote the formation of germinal centers (GCs). Tfh cells transmit important signals to …

The production of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells requires the
interaction of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with B cells in the follicle and is modulated by T …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are a class of helper T cells specialized in the cognate control
of antigen-specific B cell immunity. Upon first contact with antigen-primed B cells …