Biologically based modeling can be described as the process by which the specific
mechanistic steps governing tissue disposition and toxic action of chemicals are expressed …

The goal of most toxicology studies is to help reach some conclusion about likely risks
posed to humans or to other species from chemical exposures. Test results, both from in vivo …

Computer simulation can be used to integrate existing toxicity information within a
biologically realistic framework. Simulation models calculate relevant measures of target …

Physiologic pharmacokinetic models are a useful interface between exposure models and
risk assessment models by providing a means to estimate tissue concentrations of reactive …

Mathematical dose-response models are currently used to extrapolate cancer risk from the
high dose levels used in laboratory bioassays to the low, environmental dose levels to which …

The cancer model contains extensive biological detail, but is not fully validated. It is
extremely useful for organizing what is known about malignant transformation, for linking …

The standard procedure for evaluating carcinogen risk is the rodent bioassay coupled with
statistically-based risk extrapolation. Extrapolation serves to bridge the physiological …

Chemical risk assessment is a complex process that requires integration of various
biological data from test species, ultimately producing a prediction of the expected outcome …

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models provide sets of equations that
simulate the time courses of chemicals and their metabolites in various tissues throughout …

The goals of this perspective have been to examine areas where quantitative simulation
models may be useful in toxicology and related risk assessment fields and to offer …