Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, ie lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce dendritic cell (DC)
production of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL) …

Activated CD8+ T cells can differentiate into type 1 (Tc1) cells, producing mainly IFN-γ, and
type 2 (Tc2) cells, producing mostly IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Tc1 cells are potent CTL involved in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed and play an essential role in the activation of
innate immune cells. However, certain TLRs are also expressed on T cells, and TLR ligands …

TLRs sense components of microorganisms and are critical host mediators of inflammation
during infection. Different TLR agonists can profoundly alter inflammatory effects of one …

Regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain peripheral tolerance and play a critical role in the control
of the immune response in infection, tumor defense, organ transplantation and allergy …

Vaccines are critical in the fight against infectious diseases, and immune-stimulating
adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine efficacy. However, the precise mechanisms of …

Dysregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses to pathogens can lead to pathological
inflammation or to immune hyporesponsiveness and susceptibility to infections, and may …

Despite the success of vaccines against some microbial pathogens, their utility in the
prevention and treatment of cancer has thus far been limited. We have previously …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important point of first contact between host and microbe,
and once activated generate signals which culminate in the induction of genes important for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed in the innate immune system. They
recognize conserved microbial ligands such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides or …