Immune checkpoints are accessory molecules that either promote or inhibit T-cell activation.
Two inhibitory molecules, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment with a long-standing history. It employs
the application of nontoxic components, namely a light-sensitive photosensitizer and visible …

The characterization of the receptors negatively modulating lymphocyte function is rapidly
advancing, driven by success in tumor immunotherapy. As a result, the number of immune …

We have previously reported that tumor antigen-specific DNA vaccination in mice led to an
increase in IFNγ-secreting T cells and an increase in tumor expression of PD-L1. Further, we …

Checkpoint receptor blockers, known to act by blocking the pathways that inhibit immune
cell activation and stimulate immune responses against tumor cells, have been immensely …

In recent years, immunotherapy-based regimens have been included into the treatment´ s
algorithm of several cancer types. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte …

Recent progress in tumor immunology has revealed that tumors generate immunologically
restrained milieu during the process of their growth, which facilitates the escape of tumors …

T-cell exhaustion is a unique state that appears during many chronic infections and cancer
and is characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and effector function. Complex …

Recent studies have indicated the significance of immune checkpoint molecules including
programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, and T-cell …

Inhibition of the T-cell co-inhibitory checkpoint receptors or their ligands CTLA-4, PD-1 and
PD-L1 using monoclonal antibodies has proven to be highly effective against many cancers …