The bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS)
carries out both catalytic and regulatory functions. It catalyzes the transport and …

Both ppGpp and pppGpp are thought to function collectively as second messengers for
many complex cellular responses to nutritional stress throughout biology. There are few …

Nucleotide-signaling pathways are found in all kingdoms of life and are utilized to
coordinate a rapid response to external stimuli. The stringent response alarmones …

Transcription from the Pseudomonas‐derived σ54‐dependent Po promoter of the dmp
operon is mediated by the aromatic‐responsive regulator DmpR. However, physiological …

The oligomeric bifunctional HPr kinase/P-Ser-HPr phosphatase (HprK/P) regulates many
metabolic functions in Gram-positive bacteria by phosphorylating the phosphocarrier protein …

Background The alarmone (p) ppGpp mediates a global reprogramming of gene expression
upon nutrient limitation and other stresses to cope with these unfavorable conditions …

Summary RelA-SpoT Homolog (RSH) enzymes control bacterial physiology through
synthesis and degradation of the nucleotide alarmone (p) ppGpp. We recently discovered …

The stringent response is initiated by rapid (p) ppGpp synthesis, which leads to a profound
reprogramming of gene expression in most bacteria. The stringent phenotype seems to be …

Microorganisms continuously monitor their surroundings and adaptively respond to
environmental cues. One way to cope with various stress-related situations is through the …

Several operon‐specific transcriptional regulators, including antiterminators and activators,
contain a duplicated conserved domain, the PTS regulation domain (PRD). These …