Microglia play a role in maintaining and resolving brain tissue homeostasis. In pathological
conditions, microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic factors, which …

Background Microglial activation is a prominent feature of neuroinflammation, which is
present in almost all neurodegenerative diseases. While an initial inflammatory response …

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular homeostatic mechanism, whereby cells autodigest
parts of their cytoplasm for removal or turnover. Neurodegenerative disorders are associated …

Microglia have multiple functions in regulating homeostasis in the central nervous system
(CNS), and microglial inflammation is thought to play a role in the etiology of the …

Microglia over‐activation contributes to neurodegenerative processes by neurotoxin factors
and pro‐inflammatory molecules of pro‐inflammatory processes. Mitochondrial reactive …

Microglia-mediated inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several
neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, autophagy has …

Interleukin-4 plays an important protective role in Alzheimer's disease by regulating
microglial phenotype, phagocytosis of amyloid-β, and secretion of anti-inflammatory and …

Microglia, characterized by responding to damage, regulating the secretion of soluble
inflammatory mediators, and engulfing specific segments in the central nervous system …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) regulates the innate immune response of microglia
during infection via autophagy. Microglial M1/M2 phenotypic switching after infection could …

Background Autophagy is a major pathway of protein and organelle degradation in the
lysosome. Autophagy exists at basal constitutive level and can be induced as a defense …