A kidney disease of unknown cause is affecting up to 20% of men living in agricultural
communities recognized to be hotspots, among them Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala …

In recent years, Central America, Egypt, India and Sri Lanka have reported a high
prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in agricultural communities …

The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has risen, and chronic kidney disease of
unknown etiology (CKDu) contributes considerably to the national burden of CKD. It is …

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a progressive primary
tubulointerstitial kidney disease affecting persons in rural, agricultural communities …

There have been several global epidemics of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology
(CKDu). Some, such as Itai-Itai disease in Japan and Balkan endemic nephropathy, have …

There have been several global epidemics of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology
(CKDu). Some, such as Itai-Itai disease in Japan and Balkan endemic nephropathy, have …

The term chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) refers to chronic kidney
disease (CKD) in the absence of diabetes, long‐standing hypertension, glomerulonephritis …

In the last three decades, a peculiar type of tubulointerstitial nephritis has been described in
agricultural populations, named Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) or Chronic Interstitial …

In El Salvador, a form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of nontraditional causes (CKDnt)
affecting farmers is being reported. Its behavior has been epidemic and is responsible for …

Chronic interstitial nephritis in agricultural communities (CINAC), also named chronic kidney
disease (CKD) of unknown origin or Mesoamerican nephropathy, is defined as a form of …