MAP kinases help to mediate diverse processes ranging from transcription of
protooncogenes to programmed cell death. More than a dozen mammalian MAP kinase …

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The closely related MAP kinases.! extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2
(ERK1 and ERK2), are ubiquitous components of signal transduction pathways. ERK1 and …

In order to adapt to their environment, cells integrate extracellular signals through activation
of numerous signal transduction pathways that regulate their morphology, proliferation …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases that play a
central role in transducing extracellular cues into a variety of intracellular responses ranging …

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Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, found in all eukaryotes, are common participants
in signal transduction pathways from the membrane to the nucleus [1–3]. They signal in a …

MAP kinases have been established to be key regulators of cellular signal transduction
systems and are conserved from baker's yeast to human beings. Until now, three major …

Mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases are typical examples of protein kinases whose
enzymatic activity is mainly controlled by activation loop phosphorylation. The classical MAP …

The regulatory phosphorylation sites of MAP kinases. Xenopus and mammalian MAP
kinases become active only when both threonine and tyrosine residues are phosphorylated …