Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are involved in transmitting signals that
are generated at the cell surface into the cytosol and nucleus and consist of three …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are specifically phosphorylated and activated by
the MAPK kinases, phosphorylate various targets such as MAPK-activated protein kinases …

Although differentiated cells will usually maintain their specialized character, conversion of
cellular specificities can be observed during adaptation or reparative regeneration. In …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are generally expressed in all cell types, yet
they function to regulate specific responses that differ from cell type to cell type. The MAPKs …

Mammalian cells contain at least three signaling systems which are structurally related to the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Growth factors acting through Ras …

MAP kinases are signaling intermediaries that allow eukaryotic cells to interpret and
respond to many different stimuli. Three major MAP kinase pathways have been identified …

The MAP kinases are ubiquitous enzymes that are activated in a complex fashion and
inactivated by multiple phosphatases including a dedicated dual specificity enzyme. These …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that
play an essential role in signal transduction by modulating gene transcription in the nucleus …

Multicellular organisms achieve intercellular communication by means of signalling
molecules whose effect on the target cell is mediated by signal transduction pathways. Such …

ERK1/2 is an important subfamily of mitogen‐activated protein kinases that control a broad
range of cellular activities and physiological processes. ERK1/2 can be activated transiently …