Signal transduction networks allow cells to perceive changes in the extracellular
environment and to mount an appropriate response. Mitogen-activated protein kinase …

In response to various external stimuli, MAP kinases are activated by phosphorylation on
tyrosine and threonine by MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), a dual specificity kinase. This …

The MAP kinase ERK2 is widely involved in eukaryotic signal transduction. Upon activation
it translocates to the nucleus of the stimulated cell, where it phosphorylates nuclear targets …

Signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells integrate diverse extracellular signals, and
regulate complex biological responses such as growth, differentiation and death. One group …

Extracellular stimuli such as neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, and growth factors in the
brain regulate critical cellular events, including synaptic transmission, neuronal plasticity …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are central components of signal transduction
pathways for cell proliferation, stress responses, and differentiation. Signaling efficiency and …

Mammalian cells respond to extracellular stimuli by activating signaling cascades that are
mediated by members of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act by phosphorylating …

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway is comprised of a three-tiered kinase
cascade. The distributive kinetic mechanism of two-site MAP kinase phosphorylation …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1/CL100) is an inducible
nuclear dual specificity protein phosphatase that can dephosphorylate and inactivate both …

Figure 1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammalian cells. The four p38
MAPKs are 60–70% identical in their amino acid sequence. The MAPK kinase MKK6 is a …