In this review, we summarize our investigations concerning the differential importance of
CD14 and LBP in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is a major recognition marker for the detection of gram‐
negative bacteria by the host and a powerful initiator of the inflammatory response to …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major outer surface membrane components
present in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and act as extremely strong stimulators of …

The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which
mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules that activate the immune
system as part of the innate immune response. Microbial recognition by TLRs plays a crucial …

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor–
ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2–CD14 …

Despite the lack of a proinflammatory response to LPS, CD14-deficient mice clear Gram-
negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 0111) at least 10 times more efficiently than normal mice …

Mechanisms of innate immunity are triggered as a result of recognition of evolutionarily
conserved structures of microorganisms, named pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

The innate immune system has the capacity to recognize a wide range of pathogens based
on conserved PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). In the case of bacterial …