LPS, a molecule produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is known to activate both innate
immune cells such as macrophages and adaptive immune B cells via TLR4 signaling …

The stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the
release of critical proinflammatory cytokines that are necessary to activate potent immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed and play an essential role in the activation of
innate immune cells. However, certain TLRs are also expressed on T cells, and TLR ligands …

LPS comprises a major PAMP and is a key target of the immune system during bacterial
infection. While LPS can be recognised by innate immune cells via the TLR4 complex, it is …

The activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells accelerates antigen-specific responses. Such
responses play an essential role in eliminating viral infections and can be anti-tumorigenic …

In the host immune system, the leukocytes are often exposed to multiple pathogens
including bacteria and viruses. The principal challenge for the host is to efficiently detect the …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major gramnegative bacterial component that stimulates
innate immune response and also induces B-lymphocyte activation. Recent studies have …

TLRs have been implicated in recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR4
is a signaling receptor for LPS, but requires MD-2 to respond efficiently to LPS. The …

Highlights•MD-2 and CD14 regulate the transport and signaling functions of TLR4.•LPS-
induced CD14 aggregation modulates PIP5K activity to promote myddosome signaling …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are critical in the activation of macrophages by bacterial products. It
has been shown that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins …