Men and women differ in their vulnerability to a variety of stress-related illnesses, but the
underlying neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. This is likely due to a …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the neuroendocrine
response to stress and in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. However, stress that is …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Sex differences in stress reactivity may be one of the factors underlying the increased
sensitivity for the development of psychopathologies in women. Particularly, an increased …

Neuropsychiatric disorders, which are associated with stress hormone dysregulation, occur
at different rates in men and women. Moreover, nowadays, preclinical and clinical evidence …

Sex hormones have been implicated in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, dendritic
branching, myelination and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we review …

The brain is a target of steroid hormone actions that affect brain architecture, molecular and
neurochemical processes, behavior and neuroprotection via both genomic and non …

Women in the reproductive age are more vulnerable to develop affective disorders than
men. This difference may attribute to anatomical differences, hormonal influences and …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …

Stress is associated with the onset and severity of several psychiatric disorders that occur
more frequently in women than men, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and …