Nanotechnology is the development of engineered devices or materials at the micro
molecular level in the nanometer range. The properties of nanoparticles that these could be …

Vaccination has led to the eradication of those diseases which had once claimed millions of
lives worldwide; however, it is accompanied with a number of dis-advantages especially …

In the past 100 years, vaccination has contributed immensely to public health by preventing
a number of infectious diseases. Attenuated, killed or part of the microorganism is employed …

Since the first generation of DNA vaccines was introduced in 1988, remarkable
improvements have been made to improve their efficacy and immunogenicity. Although …

ABSTRACT DNA vaccines, also referred to as genetic vaccines, are generating significant
preclinical and clinical interest. It has been proven that the expression of an antigen or …

Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of nanostructures with a size of 1 to 200
nanometers. Different nanoparticles have shown great promise for the production of new …

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains
one of the most serious threats to global health. Today there are no HIV vaccines which can …

Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted
immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it …

Viruses are considered as natural nanomaterials as they are in the size range of 20–500 nm
with a genetical material either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat capsid …

In the last decades, nanotechnology-based tools started to draw the attention of research
worldwide. They offer economic, rapid, effective, and highly specific solutions for most …