It is our feeling that the study of stone composition and structure is fundamental to the
understanding of stone causation and prevention. Yet, there is no agreement as to which …

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the value of optical crystallographic analysis of
urinary calculi. The method was described by Prien and Frondel in 1947 [1] and consists of …

Since stones are the only objective elements of lithiasis, the cause of this disease can only
be determined by an accurate analysis of the morphology and composition of the stones. To …

Qualitative and quantitative stone analysis is used today to determine specific treatment to
prevent stone recurrence. Two-thirds of all urinary stones are mixed stones, so crystal nidi …

Summary 10 urinary calculi have been qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using X-ray
diffraction, infra-red, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption …

On the basis of routine clinical and laboratory investigations, one or more probable or
possible causes of stone formation were established in 27% of upper urinary tract and 98 …

Numerous methods can be used for the analysis of urinary stones, but few of them provide
information on the structure, chemical composition and crystal phases of these stones. In a …

The present project began some years ago as a study of urinary calculi from the standpoint
of crystal structure. The reader is referred to previous papers4• 5 for a description of the …

Not only instrumental, apparative or operative stone extraction is necessary for patients with
urolithiasis (particularly those with recurrent urolithiasis); preventive treatment is also called …

In 1947 Prien and Frondel8 reported that the immersion method of optical study was more
rapid and satisfactory than the x-ray diffraction method in the study of composition of urinary …