The prediction of Bertness & Callaway (1994) that facilitation should increase with
increasing physical stress has been recently questioned in arid and semiarid environments …

Polyploidy, defined as the coexistence of three or more complete sets of chromosomes in an
organism's cells, is considered as a pivotal moving force in the evolutionary history of …

In nature, plants must respond to multiple stresses simultaneously, which likely demands
cross-talk between stress-response pathways to minimize fitness costs. Here we provide …

Combined abiotic and biotic stresses modify plant defense signaling, leading to either the
activation or suppression of defense responses. Although the majority of combined abiotic …

The sessile lifestyle of plants requires them to cope with stresses in situ. Plants overcome
abiotic stresses by altering structure/morphology, and in some extreme conditions, by …

Phenotypic plasticity is considered the major means by which plants cope with
environmental heterogeneity. Although ubiquitous in nature, actual phenotypic plasticity is …

Reduction/oxidation (redox) metabolism and associated signaling are key components of
cross tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Climate change factors such as …

Predicting and understanding the effects of multiple stressors is one of the most important
challenges presently facing ecologists. Human activities expose ecological systems to a …

Understanding constraints to phenotypic plasticity is key given its role on the response of
organisms to environmental change. It has been suggested that phenotypic integration, the …

Plants can adjust to their environment at various integration levels: they may change the
relative investment of biomass to leaves, stems and roots, they can alter the morphology and …