Inflammatory cytokines induced by infection or vaccination with adjuvant act directly or
indirectly on CD8 T cells to modulate their expansion, contraction, and acquisition of …

Memory T cells of the effector type (TEM) account for the characteristic rapidity of memory T-
cell responses, whereas memory T cells of the central type (TCM) account for long-lasting …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to regulate T cell-mediated immunity primarily by directing
differentiation of naive T cells. Here, we show that a large fraction of CD4+ memory cells …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs involved in the initiation of both immunity and
immunological tolerance. In autoimmune diseases or graft rejections, most reactive …

Understanding the factors contributing to the generation of immune memory is important for
rational vaccine design. In this study, we addressed the individual and combined roles of Ag …

The commitment of naive CD8 T cells to effector or memory cell fates can occur after a single
day of antigenic stimulation even though virus-derived antigens (Ags) are still presented by …

Background The generation of long-lived memory T cells is critical for successful vaccination
but the factors controlling their differentiation are still poorly defined. We tested the …

Antigen stimulation of naive T cells in conjunction with strong costimulatory signals elicits the
generation of effector and memory populations. Such terminal differentiation transforms …

CD8+ T cells (also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes) play a major role in protective immunity
against many infectious pathogens and can eradicate malignant cells. The path from naive …

T cell protective immunity is associated with multifunctional memory cells that produce
several different cytokines. Currently, our understanding of when and how these cells are …