Increased ammonia accumulation in the brain due to liver dysfunction is a major contributor
to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Fatal outcome of rapidly progressing …

Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) still remain poorly understood. It is
generally accepted that ammonia plays a major role in this disorder, and that astrocytes …

The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains elusive. While it is clear that
ammonia is the likely toxin and that astrocytes are the main target of its neurotoxicity …

Ammonia is a major neurotoxin implicated in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Here we discuss
evidence that many aspects of ammonia toxicity in HE-affected brain are mediated by …

Oxidative/nitrosative stress and a low-grade cerebral edema as key events in the
pathogenesis of ammonia toxicity and hepatic encephalopathy may offer potential new …

Mechanisms involved in hepatic encephalopathy still remain to be defined. Nonetheless, it is
well recognized that ammonia is a major factor in its pathogenesis, and that the astrocyte …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of acute or chronic liver
failure. Currently, HE in cirrhotic patients is seen as a clinical manifestation of a low grade …

Astrocyte swelling represents the major factor responsible for the brain edema associated
with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). The edema may be of such magnitude as to increase …

Ammonia has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE),
and astrocytes appear to be the primary target of ammonia neurotoxicity. Recent work has …

Ammonia is diffused and transported across all plasma membranes. This entails that
hyperammonemia leads to an increase in ammonia in all organs and tissues. It is known that …