Validation of a mathematical model requires demonstrating that a model is free of
mathematical errors (internal consistency), is sensitive to large but not small errors or …

Risk assessment, as a discipline, indudes such diverse research areas as stochastic
modeling, physiology, and political science. Risk assessment has been characterized as …

Computer simulation can be used to integrate existing toxicity information within a
biologically realistic framework. Simulation models calculate relevant measures of target …

Technological advances are rapidly leading toxicology and risk assessment to an age
where there are advantages of routine use of biologically based modeling as an adjunct to …

The key assumptions underlying modern toxicology are that (1) animals can serve as
accurate predictive models of toxicity in humans,(2) that selection of an appropriate model to …

Models of carcinogenesis may become so flexible as to preclude the possibility of being
falsified by data. This problem is removed in part by stronger biophysical specification of …

The process of assessing the risk associated with human exposure to environmental
chemicals inevitably relies on a number of assumptions, estimates and rationalizations. One …

The goal of most toxicology studies is to help reach some conclusion about likely risks
posed to humans or to other species from chemical exposures. Test results, both from in vivo …

A workshop convened to define research needs in toxicology identified several deficiencies
in data and methods currently applied in risk assessment. The workshop panel noted that …

An alternative method is shown to consist of two parts: the test system itself; and a prediction
model for converting in vitro endpoints into predictions of in vivo toxicity. For the alternative …