Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds,
relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are …

Protein expression in the nervous system undergoes regulated changes in response to
changes in behavioral states, in particular long-term memory formation. Recently, methods …

Understanding how neuronal activity patterns in the brain correlate with complex behavior is
one of the primary goals of modern neuroscience. Chemical transmission is the major way of …

Biotinylated dextran amines (BDA) are highly sensitive tools for anterograde and retrograde
pathway tracing studies of the nervous system. BDA can be reliably delivered into the …

Highlights•Neurons are capable of releasing multiple diverse neurotransmitters.•Multi-
transmitter release must be considered when studying neural connectivity.•Recent results …

Fluorophores have transformed the way we study biological systems, enabling non-invasive
studies in cells and intact organisms, which increase our understanding of complex …

This review discusses the role of β-alanine as a neurotransmitter. β-Alanine is structurally
intermediate between α-amino acid (glycine, glutamate) and γ-amino acid (GABA) …

Neuroscience is at a crossroads. Great effort is being invested into deciphering specific
neural interactions and circuits. At the same time, there exist few general theories or …

Macromolecules drive the complex behavior of neurons. For example, channels and
transporters control the movements of ions across membranes, SNAREs direct the fusion of …

Genetically encoded fluorescent indicators have transformed the way neuroscientists record
neuronal activities and interrogate the nervous system in vivo. In this review, we discuss …