Morphological considerations.......................................... The normal disc.........................................
......... Changes induced by age and degeneration............................ Biochemical …

Years ago this laboratory started to construct devices in which parts of the spine were
subjected to forces and the relations between vertebrae recorded (1). The deformations of …

By “low back pain” we mean pains limited to the lower part of the lumbar spine. We know
with certainty that such pathological states may arise through many different causes. Kidney …

Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus from individual normal discs of different ages have
been separately examined, and the topographical distribution of constituents across the …

By polarising microscope and x-ray crystallographic techniques the annulus fibrosus has
been shown to consist of regularly oriented sheets of collagen fibres. These results have …

Abstract Studyb Design: Samples of human lumbar (L3-L4) anulus fibrosus from four
different anatomic sites (anterior outer, posterolateral outer, anterior inner, posterolateral …

We investigated the tensile properties of samples of human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Here
we consider the effect of sample size, and hence collagen disruption, on the results …

The mechanical properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus is investigated both
theoretically and experimentally. The theory presented is based on the assumption of …

A simple model is presented that explains the observed function and failure of the
intervertebral disc in compression, torsion, and bending; this model is based upon the …

The structure of the lumbar disc anulus fibrosus was investigated using a layer-by-layer
peeling technique and microscopic examination of various cut surfaces. Anulus specimens …