CD4+ T cells control the effector function, memory, and maintenance of CD8+ T cells.
Paradoxically, we found that absence of CD4+ T cells enhanced adoptive immunotherapy of …

Approaches for T-cell–based immunotherapy that have shown substantial effects in clinical
trials are generally based on the adoptive transfer of high numbers of antigen-specific cells …

Abundant macrophage infiltration of solid cancers commonly correlates with poor prognosis.
Tumor-promoting functions of macrophages include angiogenesis, metastasis formation …

T cells can reject established tumors when adoptively transferred into patients, thereby
demonstrating that the immune system can be harnessed for cancer therapy. However, such …

Cancer vaccines have been shown to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in a
variety of cancer patients. However, the response is often of low frequency and moderate …

The role of tumor-specific CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes in rejecting solid tumors has been
difficult to determine because of the lack of models in which tumor antigen, specific CD8 …

Conventional dendritic cell (DC) vaccines using ex vivo generated DC have been widely
tested in clinical trials in the treatment of human cancers. These DC vaccines have often …

A major problem in generating effective antitumor CTL responses is that most tumors
express self-antigens to which the immune system is rendered unresponsive due to …

It is widely recognized that the immune system plays a role in cancer progression and that
some tumors are inherently immunogenic. The identification of tumor-associated antigens …

MHC class I–restricted tumor antigens can be presented to CD8+ T cells by two distinct
pathways: via direct and indirect presentation. The relative contribution of these two …