Highlights•MD-2 and CD14 regulate the transport and signaling functions of TLR4.•LPS-
induced CD14 aggregation modulates PIP5K activity to promote myddosome signaling …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful
activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

Microbe-induced receptor trafficking has emerged as an essential means to promote innate
immune signal transduction. Upon detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), CD14 …

The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which
mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major gramnegative bacterial component that stimulates
innate immune response and also induces B-lymphocyte activation. Recent studies have …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the principal proinflammatory component of the Gram-negative
bacterial envelope and is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD-2 receptor …

LPS, a molecule produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is known to activate both innate
immune cells such as macrophages and adaptive immune B cells via TLR4 signaling …

Tuned and distinct responses of macrophages and dendritic cells to Toll-like receptor 4
(TLR4) activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) underpin the balance between …