Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in recognizing infectious and noxious
agents as well as products of tissue damage. They are capable of initiating both protective …

Recent advances in the field of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have established their importance
for acute innate immune responses and their fundamental requirement for initiation of CD4+ …

The innate immune system is the primary line of defence against invading pathogenic
microbes. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of membrane receptors which play a pivotal …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed in the innate immune system. They
recognize conserved microbial ligands such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides or …

Mammals sense pathogen invasion through pattern-recognition receptors. A group of
transmembrane proteins, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play critical roles as pattern-recognition …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and
plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount …

As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of
molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges …

Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight
control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for …

Since the discovery of human TLRs, manipulating the activity of these receptors to modulate
immune responses for therapeutic purposes has initiated intense activity in the …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in a wide variety of cells and is the central
component of the mammalian innate immune system. Since its discovery in 1997, TLR4 has …