The transmission and progression of the human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 can be
most likely influenced by a variety of “lifestyle cofactors” which includes the use of certain …

Since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share the same
modes of transmission and common risk factors for infection, co-infections with HIV and HCV …

Of the 12 million people who inject drugs worldwide, 13% live with HIV. Whether opioid use
impacts HIV pathogenesis and latency is an outstanding question. To gain insight into …

People with HIV are more likely to have opioid use disorder and to be prescribed opioids for
chronic pain than the general population; however, the effects of opioids on the immune …

Because of the widely documented association of AIDS with opiate abuse, there is
considerable interest in knowing whether opiates alter progression of HIV-1 infections to …

In recent years, drug abuse has been identified as the most important factor in the spread of
the AIDS epidemic (1). In the injection drug use (IDU) population, the sharing of …

Background Opioids may have effects on susceptibility to HIV-infection, viral replication and
disease progression. Injecting drug users (IDU), as well as anyone receiving opioids for …

About one third of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in the USA have been
attributed to the use of injected addictive drugs, frequently involving opioids like heroin and …

People with HIV are more likely to have opioid use disorder and to be prescribed opioids for
chronic pain than the general population; however, the effects of opioids on the immune …

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is emerging as an important
complication in HIV infection and AIDS in injecting drug users. HIV-1 and HTLV-I share a …