Two alternative hypotheses attribute different benefits to codon-anticodon adaptation. The
first assumes that protein production is rate limited by both initiation and elongation and that …

Codon adaptation index is a widely used index for characterizing gene expression in
general and translation efficiency in particular. Current computational implementations have …

Different organisms use synonymous codons with different preferences. Several measures
have been introduced to compute the extent of codon usage bias within a gene or genome …

We propose a simple, sensitive measure of synonymous codon usage bias, the Relative
Codon Adaptation Index (rCAI), as a way to discriminate better between highly biased and …

Among bacteria, we have previously shown that species that are capable of rapid growth
have stronger selection on codon usage than slow growing species, and possess higher …

Codon usage bias affects the genomes of organisms from all kingdoms of life and results
from both background substitution biases and natural selection. Natural selection on codon …

Background There is a significant difference between synonymous codon usage in many
organisms, and it is known that codons used more frequently generally showed efficient …

The genetic code uses 64 codons to represent the 20 standard amino acids and the
translation termination signal. Each codon is recognised by a subset of a cell's transfer …

In protein-coding genes, the genetic code defines the translational mapping from nucleotide
triplets (or codons) to amino acids. Synonymous codons translate to the same amino acid …

Multiple synonymous codons code for the same amino acid, resulting in the degeneracy of
the genetic code and in the preferred used of some codons called codon bias usage (CBU) …