Living in water imposes severe constraints on the evolution of the vertebrate body. As a
result of these constraints, numerous extant and extinct aquatic vertebrate groups evolved …

From their earliest origins, fishes have developed a suite of adaptations for locomotion in
water, which determine performance and ultimately fitness. Even without data from …

The physical properties of water and the environment it presents to its inhabitants provide
stringent constraints and selection pressures affecting aquatic adaptation and evolution …

From their earliest origins fishes have developed a suite of adaptations for locomotion in
water. Even without data from behaviour, soft tissue, and extant relatives, it is possible to …

Trilobites are one of the most important invertebrate clades in the Palaeozoic, with
significant disparity in morphology and behaviour, the latter including intriguing instances of …

Dolphin skin has long been an inspiration for research on drag reduction mechanisms due
to the presence of skin ridges that could reduce fluid resistance. We gathered in vivo three …

The function of placoid scales (dermal denticles) is considered along three perspectives.
Firstly, in a historical context, denticles have been modified along several functional lines …

We investigated the hydrodynamic properties of cephalopod shell sculpture in two ways: 1)
flow visualization experiments with sculptured shells; and 2) application of drag coefficient …

The physical nature of water and the environment it presents to an organism have long been
recognized as important constraints on aquatic adaptation and evolution. Little is known …

The scales and skin mucus of bony fishes are both proposed to have a role in beneficially
modifying the hydrodynamics of water flow over the body surface. However, it has been …