Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been responsible for a devastating pandemic since March …

Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has led to a pandemic since March 2020. The …

Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and
current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions …

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It …

By mapping the clinical pathophysiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
against insights from virology, immunology, genomics, epidemiology and pharmacology, it is …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is not like the seasonal flu. While the range of symptoms for the two
viruses is similar, the fraction with severe disease appears to be different. For COVID-19 …

In patients with severe COVID‐19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple
organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even mortality can result from cytokine storm …