Studies of human adults, infants, and non-human animals demonstrate that non-symbolic
numerical cognition is supported by at least two distinct cognitive systems: a “parallel …

What representations underlie the ability to think and reason about number? Whereas
certain numerical concepts, such as the real numbers, are only ever represented by a subset …

Humans and nonhuman animals share the capacity to estimate, without counting, the
number of objects in a set by relying on an approximate number system (ANS). Only …

The combined efforts of many fields are advancing our understanding of how number is
represented. Researchers studying numerical reasoning in adult humans, developing …

Numerical and mathematical skills are critical predictors of academic success. The last three
decades have seen a substantial growth in our understanding of how the human mind and …

How do we understand numbers? Do animals and babies have numerical abilities? Why do
some people fail to grasp numbers, and how we can improve numerical understanding …

Behavioral research suggests that two cognitive systems are at the foundations of numerical
thinking: one for representing 1–3 objects in parallel and one for representing and …

Research in numerical cognition has led to a widely accepted view of the existence of
innate, domain-specific, core numerical knowledge that involves the intraparietal sulcus in …

A significant body of research links individual differences in symbolic numerical abilities,
such as arithmetic, to number sense, the neurobiological system used to approximate and …

As literate adults, we appreciate numerical values as abstract entities that can be
represented by a numeral, a word, a number of lines on a scorecard, or a sequence of …