Objectives To investigate if the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, the ratio of nicotine
metabolites 3′-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a reliable phenotypic biomarker for nicotine …

Introduction To date, no studies have evaluated the consistency of biomarker levels in
people who smoke over a long-time period in real-world conditions with a large number of …

Research on nicotine metabolism has primarily focused on white adults. This study
examined associations between nicotine metabolism, tobacco use, and demographic …

Background Nicotine is metabolized to cotinine, and cotinine is metabolized to 3′‐
hydroxycotinine (3‐HC) by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. More rapid …

Introduction: Smoking remains a worldwide epidemic, and despite an increase in public
acceptance of the harms of tobacco use, it remains the leading cause of preventable death …

OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether the salivary cotinine content of daily smokers varied with
the readiness to quit and smoking characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional study …

Introduction: Differences in the rate of nicotine metabolism between genders and different
races have been hypothesized to contribute to disparities in smoking rate, susceptibility to …

Introduction: Cotinine, the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine, is commonly measured
as an index of exposure to tobacco in both active users of tobacco and nonsmokers with …

Abstract Background and Aims Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine
content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is …

Background CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to its primary metabolite cotinine and also
mediates the metabolism of cotinine to trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC). The ratio of 3HC to …